The generations of operating systems
Evolution of operating systems
There are four generations in the operating system evolution. They are
First generation operating system(1940s-1950s)
Second generation operating system (1950s-1960s)
Third generation operating system (1960s-1980s)
Fourth generation operating system (1980s-present)
First generation operating system (1940s-1950s):
There are four generations in the operating system evolution. They are
First generation operating system(1940s-1950s)
Second generation operating system (1950s-1960s)
Third generation operating system (1960s-1980s)
Fourth generation operating system (1980s-present)
First generation operating system (1940s-1950s):
This generation had lost only for 10 years . Strictly speaking the reason why this generation had lost for 10 years is because their complexity in usage and their occupation in space . The first generation operating system included vacuum tubes, plug boards and punched cards. The programmer used to interact with machine directly through punched cards and used to write programs directly in machine language. All the tasks for executing a program would be performed by programmer only.
Second generation operating system (1950s-1960s)
Even this generation had lost only for 10 years. in first generation the programmers used to perform every task manually. Along with programming transistors based technology, new softwares and hardwares were developed. This generation became user-friendly. Because compilers line printers assemblers were invented.Specially the era of compiling programs had begun. this compilation of program used to be like the required compiler would be loaded into computer by mountain compiler tape on tape drive. The only secondary storage available was magnetic tape. But it needed to be mounted on tape. After this program would be read through card reader. The out put would be the compiler used to produce assembly language.
Again here assembler had to take charge of assembling this assembler language. another tape need to be mounted which consists of assembler finally assembler would produce binary object as output.
Disadvantages of the second generation operating system:
Wastage of time:
if error occurs in the middle of program then the user has to restart the program by setting all the code from first. This results in wastage of time.
in order to prevent this multitaskings were invented.when the situation comes where one programmer has to wait until the next programmer executes the job of the users prepaid with same programming language word batched together.
this era was turning point in history of computer systems and automation for job sequencing was conceived and does the first operating system was born.the software monitor program that perform the automatic job sequencing for identifying the tasks to be done for a job the concept of control cards was introduced.control cards content the directives to tell the software which tasks to perform for a job. in this way the software with automatic job sequencing was written that switch from one job to another. since all the events for being controlled by the monitor now it had to be in the memory forever. Therefore it was called resident monitor and given space in the memory.
Third generation operating systems(1960s-1980s):
Batch systems with offline operation continued for a long time in second generation. But still there were problems due to the nature of magnetic tapes in third generation the hard disks came into existence. during this era there was lots of technological improvement. and the access two devices was slow at the time as compared to the speed of CPU so while performing input output operation for a job there was sufficient time for CPU to sit idle. If there had been another job CP would switch to it.This resulted in the multiprogrammed batch system. it was now possible to overlap the input output of one job with computation of another job.this was possible only with the disc systems and the method is called simultaneous peripheral operation online (spool)
Letter on this process become famous with the name called spooling. This process was so simple .at first day input device would be read to the disc.whenever nasibpur become free the OS loaded the job from the hard disk to the memory and CPU execute the job. However there are drawbacks
the major drawback was lack of user programmer interaction with their jobs.the basic concept multiprogramming was still there the job beings submitted to the system would be stored in the partition memory. as the CPU time on the main system was shared among multiple users this type of systems were known as time sharing multiuser systems.the real time sharing systems was compatible time sharing system developed at MIT. This letter on became popular as it it can support many internet users as compared to the math systems.in the Sera devaluation of c language begin this word as rewriting for the Unix Unix was written in c high level language and its portable version was prepared.
Fourth generation operating systems (1980s-present):
Unix was a major achievement as a time sharing multi user operating system in 3rd generation. in 4th generation hardware technology for their advanced and now it was possible to have thousands of transistors and every small area of silicon chip due to LSI and VLSI which stands for large scale integration and very large scale integration technology.As a result the size of computers reduced and the process speed of CPU further increased. This was the Sun rise of micro computers . Later on called personal computers it was possible now to have a personal computer as compared to mainframe on minicomputers shared by many users.Intel 8080 was the first microprocessor for personal computer. Gary kildall in Intel designed and OS called CP/M.After some years IBM came into the market with IBM pcs.
IBM with Bill Gates hired Tim paterson who had written one OS which is known as disk operating system.modified TVS according to the modifications designed by IBM and came up with Microsoft dos.
tash the developing of operating systems from then had been continuing and continues
Second generation operating system (1950s-1960s)
Even this generation had lost only for 10 years. in first generation the programmers used to perform every task manually. Along with programming transistors based technology, new softwares and hardwares were developed. This generation became user-friendly. Because compilers line printers assemblers were invented.Specially the era of compiling programs had begun. this compilation of program used to be like the required compiler would be loaded into computer by mountain compiler tape on tape drive. The only secondary storage available was magnetic tape. But it needed to be mounted on tape. After this program would be read through card reader. The out put would be the compiler used to produce assembly language.
Again here assembler had to take charge of assembling this assembler language. another tape need to be mounted which consists of assembler finally assembler would produce binary object as output.
Disadvantages of the second generation operating system:
Wastage of time:
if error occurs in the middle of program then the user has to restart the program by setting all the code from first. This results in wastage of time.
in order to prevent this multitaskings were invented.when the situation comes where one programmer has to wait until the next programmer executes the job of the users prepaid with same programming language word batched together.
this era was turning point in history of computer systems and automation for job sequencing was conceived and does the first operating system was born.the software monitor program that perform the automatic job sequencing for identifying the tasks to be done for a job the concept of control cards was introduced.control cards content the directives to tell the software which tasks to perform for a job. in this way the software with automatic job sequencing was written that switch from one job to another. since all the events for being controlled by the monitor now it had to be in the memory forever. Therefore it was called resident monitor and given space in the memory.
Third generation operating systems(1960s-1980s):
Batch systems with offline operation continued for a long time in second generation. But still there were problems due to the nature of magnetic tapes in third generation the hard disks came into existence. during this era there was lots of technological improvement. and the access two devices was slow at the time as compared to the speed of CPU so while performing input output operation for a job there was sufficient time for CPU to sit idle. If there had been another job CP would switch to it.This resulted in the multiprogrammed batch system. it was now possible to overlap the input output of one job with computation of another job.this was possible only with the disc systems and the method is called simultaneous peripheral operation online (spool)
Letter on this process become famous with the name called spooling. This process was so simple .at first day input device would be read to the disc.whenever nasibpur become free the OS loaded the job from the hard disk to the memory and CPU execute the job. However there are drawbacks
the major drawback was lack of user programmer interaction with their jobs.the basic concept multiprogramming was still there the job beings submitted to the system would be stored in the partition memory. as the CPU time on the main system was shared among multiple users this type of systems were known as time sharing multiuser systems.the real time sharing systems was compatible time sharing system developed at MIT. This letter on became popular as it it can support many internet users as compared to the math systems.in the Sera devaluation of c language begin this word as rewriting for the Unix Unix was written in c high level language and its portable version was prepared.
Fourth generation operating systems (1980s-present):
Unix was a major achievement as a time sharing multi user operating system in 3rd generation. in 4th generation hardware technology for their advanced and now it was possible to have thousands of transistors and every small area of silicon chip due to LSI and VLSI which stands for large scale integration and very large scale integration technology.As a result the size of computers reduced and the process speed of CPU further increased. This was the Sun rise of micro computers . Later on called personal computers it was possible now to have a personal computer as compared to mainframe on minicomputers shared by many users.Intel 8080 was the first microprocessor for personal computer. Gary kildall in Intel designed and OS called CP/M.After some years IBM came into the market with IBM pcs.
IBM with Bill Gates hired Tim paterson who had written one OS which is known as disk operating system.modified TVS according to the modifications designed by IBM and came up with Microsoft dos.
tash the developing of operating systems from then had been continuing and continues
Comments
Post a Comment